wrap each of the statements into span tags, for example like this:
echo "<span class='one_line'>";
the_time('F j, Y');
echo "</span>";
and style this with the help of css: (just append it to style.css)
.one_line{display:block;}
To style the category output refer to this page, there are several examples:
http://codex.wordpress.org/Template_Tags/the_category
to display the link different i would recommend to enter the whole link into the link field. with < a href="link.me">www.display.me< / a> and then use the external variable by only writting:
echo $external;
Please be aware that this will change, and maybe interfere with the output of the other display options (small and big) but to circumvent this you would need to change a lot of code, probably more than I could write down here) To keep this intact as well it would maybe be better to hire someone with extensive wordpress and php knowledge ;)